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The naming of Sarah Mullally as Archbishop of Canterbury has once again turned public attention to liberal Christianity , a term that often acts as a flashpoint in contemporary religious conversations. For many, the label conjures images of progressive social stances, especially on topics such as the ordination of women or debates over sexuality. However, this modern connotation tends to obscure the rich and complex historical roots from which the tradition actually arises.

This week, I had the opportunity to connect with my fellow MooMelts founders, An Lee and Sid Khanna, to reflect on the philosophy and impact behind our project. As three seniors at Hong Kong International School, we came together out of a shared passion for business, sustainability, and innovation. Our journey began with a startling realization: milk is the second most wasted food worldwide, an environmental challenge that often goes unnoticed. Motivated by this problem, we s

An Lee, Daniel Liu Transcending the Limits of Rationalism and Empiricism Immanuel Kant’s philosophical enterprise arises from a deep dissatisfaction with the prevailing epistemological paradigms of his era. Rationalist thinkers such as Descartes and Leibniz championed the sovereignty of pure thought, positing that reason alone could yield substantive knowledge. In contrast, empiricists like Locke and Hume anchored all cognition in the flux of sensory experience. Kant’s projec

Varieties of Equality The term “equality” is frequently invoked in both public and academic debates, yet its meaning is often left ambiguous. Many proponents of equality appeal to it as an unqualified good, without first clarifying what form or forms of equality are being referenced. To initiate a more careful analysis, let us consider the example of pay disparities—commonly discussed as evidence of systemic inequality. Popular discourse tends to interpret average gaps betwee

1. Introduction The problem of evil has occupied a central place in Western philosophy and theology, persistently challenging the coherence of belief in a good and omnipotent God. From the ancient wisdom literature of the Hebrew Bible through the systematic treatises of Christian thinkers like Augustine, Aquinas, and Leibniz, theodicy has sought to justify God’s ways in a world marked by suffering. For centuries, the dominant approaches in Christian thought linked evil to hum

For my bioethics class, I researched the bioethical issue of how organs are allocated for transplantation. Organ transplants are life-saving but the demand greatly exceeds the supply, making allocation a deeply ethical question. My research focused on how the four principles of bioethics (autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice) apply to this issue. I found that the principle of justice is especially significant in organ allocation. Justice requires that scarce re

This week, I decided to explore the ethical complexities of mandatory genetic testing for expectant parents for a bioethics course. To deepen my understanding, I conducted an interview with Dr. Kim, a doctor with over fifteen years of experience in prenatal care and bioethics. Interview Summary: Dr. Kim emphasized that while genetic testing can be incredibly valuable for early detection of hereditary conditions, making it mandatory raises serious ethical concerns, especially

Introduction  In the aftermath of World War II, philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell asserted: “Hitler is an outcome of Rousseau; Roosevelt and Churchill of Locke” 18 . Russell’s diagnosis, shaped by an era of existential threats to democracy, is best interpreted not as a literal genealogy but as a warning about the malleability and often misinterpretation of Enlightenment ideas. This essay argues that while Lockean ideals of liberalism helped shape elements of West